The Reflection Of Charles Dickens Great Expectations

The Reflection of Charles Dickens in Great Expectations Introduction: The general definition of reflection is† to bring or cast as result â€Å". Dr. Harvey from Macquarie University define reflection as â€Å"an intended action, it depends on the past actions, present actions, and future actions.† In this paper we will see the reflection in â€Å"Art†. Art is the reflection of the identity and personality, for example in painting, drawing, writing, and many more. Art can symbolize the personality of the painter, writer, and more. For most writers, poets, and novelists we can see their works are mostly connected and related with their lives. One of the greatest writers in the Victorian era was Charles Dickens. Charles was the second child in Dickens family after his elder sister Fanny Dickens. Dickens was born in 7th February, 1812 in Portsmouth, United Kingdom and died in 9th June, 1870. He was an English writer and social critic. Dickens lived during the industrial revolution which was the great time of transformation in the nineteenth century in London. He supported the social ventures such as the foundling hospital for abandoned infants. Dickens was famous for his unique and realistic works; in addition most of his works are focused on the subject of orphans and the importance of education. For example, we have the Character â€Å"Oliver† from the novel Oliver Twist he was an orphan child born in a workhouse, not educated and a pickpocket. Another child character is â€Å"David† fromShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narrato r feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian period and follows the life of Pip, our protagonist, as he works his way up the social hierarchy of the Victorian society. It was first published as series from 1860 to 1861. It is written as a bildungsroman: a genre of writing which pursues the life of a character from their childhood to their adult life. This novel has been hugely influenced by the author’s own life; who also worked his way up the social ladder. The story isRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1208 Words   |  5 Pagesevident in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. Through very complicated, conflicted characters, he demonstrates an artful story about guilt, fea r, expectations, and love. All of these topics which are present in the novel are so present in life, we might not even notice them in our own. Other writers and even musicians, use these themes to grasp at their own realities, trying to reach for the imaginary straws hanging above their faces, and the stories that they tell are a direct reflection of thisRead MoreGreat Expectations, by Charles Dickens Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesEssay on Great Expectations (by Charles Dickens) Explore Dickens effective â€Å"language† to create â€Å"setting† and â€Å"character† in the opening chapter of Great Expectations. Dickens opens the theme of death early in the chapter. In the second paragraph he mentions the tombstones of Pips parents, â€Å"I gave Pirrip as my fathers family name on the authority of his tombstone†. This informs us that Pip experienced death at an early age. He goes on to describe the churchyard and the land aroundRead MorePersonal Ambiguity In Great Expectations1397 Words   |  6 Pagesto analyze it. The search for self, as well as knowing and trusting one’s self is echoed through out literature humanity; it could be haunting and cause great trepidation, to hold on to a vision that could alter their judgement; as well can cause a fierce storm in the supreme realm that is objective truth. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a coming of age story of a young man named Pip, seeking to establish stability, as well as find meaning in his life through love and self identificationRead More Abusive Women in Great Expectations Essay example990 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in Great Expectations      Ã‚  Ã‚   One may infer that Dickens may have been attempting to acknowledge the birth of female freedom, due to the industrial revolution, by way of the female characters actions within Great Expectations. Considering that he creates such verbal execution performed by many of the female characters within the novel suggests that women were usually treated as equals, this not being the case. By allowing these women to be verbally and physically abusive, Dickens mayRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens Great Expectations is a novel, which represents class society amongst the rich, the poor and the criminal in Victorian England. Using the life of the main character in the novel, Pip; Charles Dickens challenges issues like youth treatment, injustices in the legal system and the discriminations between the classes. As the novel progresses, various events happen to Pip, which makes him more aware of the reality he is livingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1283 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Dickens, an English author who is accountable for creating classics such as Oliver twist, A Tale of two cities, and A Christmas Carol is regarded as one of the most influential authors ever. When Great expectations got published in 1861, it got mixed criticism but ever since the 20th century until the present it’s now received the â€Å"classic† status. Great Expectations is a standout amongst the most well-known and tremendously cherished books by the immense expert of Victorian expositionRead More Importance of Setting in Great Expectations Essay3386 Words   |  14 PagesImportance of Setting in Great Expectations      Ã‚   Charles Dickens viewed London as a place of economic competition and death. In Great Expectations, he used the prevalent bleakness of the places in London to illustrate the unproductiveness of the social and economic struggle which he viewed as fatal, both literally and figuratively. His depiction of this economic struggle is reflective of the nineteenth centurys preoccupation with the rise of the middle-class. Janice Carlisle says, TheRead MoreAnalysis of The Hanged Mans Bride, The Trial for Murder and Confession Found in a Prison2347 Words   |  10 Pageson my study of Charles Dickens, I have decided to focus upon three short stories to write about in detail. These are: The Hanged Mans Bride, written in 1860, The Trial For Murder, written in 1865 and Confession Found in a Prison, written in 1842. To enable me to understand the stories better and also Dickens interests and motivations, I have carried out necessary research on historical, literacy contexts and other biographical details. Charles Dickens stories could

Comparison Between Act 3 Scene 1 in Franco Zeferellis...

Comparison Between Act 3 Scene 1 in Franco Zeferellis Romeo and Juliet and in Baz Luhrmans Romeo and Juliet I am going to compare the two pieces of Romeo and Juliet, Act 3 Scene 1 that I have been studying for the past few weeks. I have been looking at; Camera shots, setting, special effects, moods, costumes, characters, etc. These things are severely thought of by the director before and during the making of the film. I have been looking at Baz Luhrmans Romeo and Juliet and Franco Zeferellis Romeo and Juliet. The budget for Franco Zeferellis film had a much smaller budget than Baz Luhrmans did. This was because the film industry didnt really want Romeo and Juliet to be brought out at†¦show more content†¦There are many differences between Baz Luhrmans Romeo and Juliet (1997) and Franco Zefferellis Romeo and Juliet (1968). When thinking about contrast between these two productions many things need to be taken into consideration, one of the most important things is setting, as it can give great emphasis on the situation. I realize how much time has passed while watching these two films, the things I have noticed are listed below:  · Daggers and swords à   Guns  · Soft voices à   Tough voices  · Friendly à   Rivalry In the 1968 version, the fight scene is in the town square on a bright, sunny day, making the situation look happy and shiny. Whereas in the 1997 version, the fight scene takes place on the cleverly named Verona beach (Venice beach is a notorious gangster hotspot), this fight scene also takes place on a bright, sunny day, but this time its not a clean heat, its more of a clammy, angry heat, which soon turns into a full blown storm to add drama. I am going to merge characters and costumes together as they do go hand in hand in both films. There is a very friendly environment in the 1968 film, there is no direct separation between the Montagues and the Capulets as they are both really friendly and cheerful and both wear mixed hot and cold colours. In the 1997 version there is a

Indonesian Education Writing Essay Example For Students

Indonesian Education Writing Essay Scientific Writing E Indonesian Education Weaknesses l. There are three weaknesses of Indonesian education. II. The first weakness is less facilities. A. We dont have sufficient learning facilities. B. Remote areas are usually unreachable of good facility. Ill. The second weakness is curriculum that always change. Indonesian education curriculum changes very often, that makes both teachers and students confused. When they are trying to understand one curriculum, government announces that there is the newest curriculum. We will write a custom essay on Indonesian Education Writing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now IV. The last weakness is the weak mental of Indonesian human resources. A. Teachers are not responsible enough of their students. B. Cheating is tradition. V. Some weaknesses of Indonesian such as less facility, curriculum that always changes and the weak mental of Indonesian human resources should be overcome to improve our education. Many people say that our education is worse than our neighbor countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. It is caused by some weaknesses that our education has. There are three main weaknesses of Indonesian education. The first weakness is less socialites. It Is commonly known that we dont have sufficient education facilities both buildings and other needs that support the teaching and learning processes. There are so many school buildings that unproven to use. The condition of the buildings are very bad, and some of them are harmful, because they can collapse anytime. Beside the buildings, we should concern of our teaching and learning facilities. We dont have enough learning media for the students, especially for they who live in remote area. They who live In suburban cant hold teaching and learning process properly nice they have no effective media. Moreover, in some places the students should struggle to get education. They have to walk for many kilometers to reach their school. They should cross the river, walk through the forest, only to get minimal education. The second weakness is the curriculum that always changes. As everybody knows, Indonesian education curriculum changes very often. Even there is a Joke that says different minister, different curriculum, which means that curriculum changes as the education minister changes too. Government states that he curriculum is changed for teachers and students goodness. In contrast, this change only burdens both teachers and students. When they are trying to understand one curriculum, the government announces that there Is the newest curriculum. It means that teachers, students, and they who work in educational field t Off snouts learn Ana apply ten newest curriculum, walkout unreasoning winy It changes again. They Just follow the governments rules. The last weakness of our education is the weak mental of Indonesian human resources, especially they who include in educational field. For example, some teachers are not responsible enough of their students. They dont really care of what their students do, they dont worry when their students do not understand of what they teach or explain. Some teachers consider that it is enough to teach the students, without checking whether they understand or not and without knowing the students acquisition. Another example of the weak mental of our people is cheating. Some students consider that cheating is common, and it is such kind of our education tradition. Penthouse they are earned by the teachers, they keep cheating. They dont have confidence to do the test by thrillers. Three Indonesian education weaknesses above are real. The first weakness that is the less facilities usually happens in suburban area. Next weakness is the curriculum that changes very often only makes teachers, students, and many others who work in educational field feel confused. The last is the weak mental of our people, such as teachers who are not responsible of their students acquisition. Those three weaknesses should be overcome to improve our education.

The Roots of Imagination Merging Realism and Fairy Tale in Angela Ca

The Roots of Imagination: Merging Realism and Fairy Tale in Angela Carter?s ?The Company of Wolves? In the story ?The Company of Wolves? Angela Carter seeks to retell the tale of Red Riding Hood and her encounter with the wolf. More important than the rehashing of the fairy tale, is the manner in which Carter seeks to blend fact and fiction to illustrate man?s ability to combine the unknown and the known within their own imaginations to gain a better understanding of the world around them. The simple facts of the wolf, as a predator and carnivore, are enhanced and dramatized with the addition of the werewolf myth and the story of Red Riding Hood to assist in illustrating how through imagination the lines between fact and fiction are distorted. The wolves? progression from animal to man, from natural predator to sexual predator, is a result of this combination of fact and fiction. The characteristics of men and wolves combined in a werewolf give man a basis for understanding the baser instincts and sometimes brutal actions that characterize the history of humanity. Subtly, juxtaposi ng the harsh realities of nature with the dramatics of myth and fairy tale, Carter shows how people utilizes imagination, the combination of reality and myth, to relate to the world around them. In the beginning of the story, Carter establishes the animal ferocity and wildness of wolves, ?The wolf is carnivore incarnate [?] once he?s had a taste of flesh then nothing else will do? (Carter 1580). Throughout the story, Carter reasserts this idea within the growing context of the wolf and the animal immediately as representative of the violence of nature. However, at this early stage of the story, the wolf though ?cunning as he is ferocious? (1580) is still just a wolf. In this way, Carter establishes that the wolf does and can exist outside of the imaginations of man but is always very different from people. Monika Fludernik notes, also, that the introduction, ?is followed by a quasi-definitional characterization of 'the wolf' and a paragraph of even more non-scientific folk-lore about wolves which provides instructions to a generic 'you' traveling through the forest at night? (226). Not only is man's imagination being represented in Carter's show of the manipulations of fact and fiction over the nature of the wolf but she is also appealing to this part of human nature and imagination in her reader. The image of the wolf, as illustrated in Carter?s description of not only the wolf but the wildness of the woods as well, shows a basic nature that is at constant conflict with the reasonable nature of man, ?of all the teeming perils of the night and the forest, ghosts, hobgoblins, ogres that grill babies upon gridirons, witches that fatten their captives in cages for cannibal tables, the wolf is the worst for he cannot listen to reason? (Carter 1580). Left unspoken in this passage, but nevertheless present, is the idea that wolves are a constant natural reality. Unlike the ogre or the cannibalistic witch, the wolf is not fictional. The wolf is a representative of nature that does not need to be assigned any special motivations for his deeds nor has the creature been created for the mere use as a lesson in morality. In demonizing the wolf, creating the wolf in Red Riding Hood?s story, man can give human attributes to the beast to better help humanity understand their own world. Carte r uses the wolf and the stories which have grown around the creature to shows the manner in which, ?social forces construct subjectivity (McGuire 129) The woods which shelter the wolves from the outside world become, in this manner, an accomplice to death, ?the shaggy branches tangle about you, trapping the unwary traveler in nets as if the vegetation itself were a plot with the wolves who live there, as though the wicked trees go fishing on behalf of their friends? (1581). As predators, wolves are in their very genetic make-up harbingers of death and in trying to make sense of this type of natural violence man has assigned them with a supernatural understanding. The seemingly senselessness of their attacks against people, rather than being explained and understood within

Draw More Traffic to Your Website - The Writers For Hire

DRAW MORE TRAFFIC TO YOUR WEBSITE Question: How do I draw more traffic to my website? Answer: Write and publish articles online. Not only will pull more traffic to your website, but you gain credibility by establishing yourself as an expert in your field. For example, if you are trying to attract people to a website promoting your Kickboxing Academy, then you would write articles like How to Throw a Punch, 10 Reasons to Try Kickboxing, Self Defense Techniques, and so on. Anything and everything having to do with Kickboxing is fair game – even How to Start Your Own Kickboxing Academy. Since you are the expert, assert yourself as such so that your readers know your website is the real deal. Question: What do I do with the articles after they are written? Answer: There are tons of free, online article posting sites where you can submit your articles, and webmasters can use them as content for other sites. Some article posting sites include www.ezinearticles.com, www.articledashboard.com, and www.shorttext.com. These are just a few, but a simple Google search will give you lots more. Question: What happens to my articles after they are posted? Answer: Webmasters can use your articles for their sites as long as they don’t change any of your content, and they give a link back to your website. While they get free content, you get to keep your copyright on the material, tell a bit of information about yourself and your site at the bottom of the article, and get a link back to your website. The more sites that pick up your article, the bigger the boost you will see in traffic to your website.

All living things

All living things use some way to survive and defend themselves. Frogs use their skin in many ways for these reasons. So how do frogs use their skin, color and poison to survive and defend themselves? In this paper you will learn how frogs use their skin to live, survive and defend themselves. Frog skin is thin and naked. It has no scales, no hair, and no feathers. However, the skin of a frog is critical to their survival. Through it, they both drink and breathe. They also use their skin to absorb all the moisture they need through their skin because they do not swallow. Although frogs do have lungs, they rely on the extra oxygen they absorb through their skin, especially when theyre underwater. Frogs must keep their skin moist. Otherwise, oxygen cant pass easily through their skin and they suffocate. Frog skin secretes a mucus that helps them keep moist. Even so, their skin tends to dry out which is why they usually stay near bodies of water. They rely on dew for moisture or burrow themselves underground in moist soil. Although they rely on their skin for a lot of purposes they do rejuvenate themselves by shedding their skin once a week. This process consists of a lot of twisting, bending and stretching to loosen the skin. Once the frog has loosened ! it enough it pulls the skin over its head like a sweater and usually eats it. I have been describing simple and logical reasons for the importance of frog skin. However, there are more reasons to make it all the more fascinating. In frogs, pigmentation or skin color depends on the presence of specialized cells and the resulting optical phenomena. These cells are differentiated from the so-called neural crest during the stage when the brain and the spine are being formed and then migrate to the surface of the skin. The evolutionary history of the biology of pigmentation may be dry material, but it is the basis for the dazzling ...

Team work is better than Individual heroism Essay

Team work is better than Individual heroism - Essay Example Teamwork guarantees collaboration, support and cooperation. Individual heroism, on the other hand, denotes the self-centered technique of approaching things from a personal perspective. Team work is better than individual heroism because through teamwork people of different abilities and skills unite for the accomplishment of a common purpose. For instance, if a group of people runs a business, it becomes easy to distribute the tasks amongst themselves thus making the venture successful. As a result, it is easier for teamwork to succeed in any endeavor due to the synergy of pooled resources and potentialities. On the other hand, individual heroism depicts selfishness and may not achieve much due to the solitary approach involved. Whereas teamwork could be convenient through the distribution of tasks, individual heroism is self-exhaustive and cumbersome. Teamwork provides an avenue for interaction, cooperation and sharing that result into better society and healthy living. For instance, when people meet to accomplish a joint task, they interact and share their experiences through which they strengthen each other. Teamwork achieves far much more than the task at hand because it offers opportunities for social and individual advancement through the involvement of different people in a single task. The experience of teamwork is so satisfying that the task need not be accomplished in totality; because the joy and success of teamwork lies in cooperation, which is a huge source of actualization. Through teamwork, it is possible for individuals to learn and correct their areas of weakness for better performance. A case in point is a situation when a group of people perform a common duty through which they observe and learn from one another. This is contrary to individual heroism, which seals all opportunities for growth and development by glorifying personal achievement at the expense of nurturing potential. Accordingly, individual heroism fosters personal

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Portfolio - Essay Example al environment and achieve the objectives of the organisation. To do everything possible to promote and improve organisational standards through adherence to defined standards of work. To continually expand my knowledge and skills through continuous professional development. To work with creativity and initiative, through team work and deliver my best with full readiness to adopt and learn new skills in any dynamic field. To utilise the knowledge and skills I have acquired to serve the organisation efficiently and dedicatedly. To learn new ideas, skills that will enable me to acquire expertise, while serving the organisation. To serve the society without discrimination and help each individual achieve their desired objectives in life. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: ********** ************ *********** *********** ************* *************** JOB EXPERIENCE ********* *********** Extracurricular Activities and Hobbies Watching documentaries Playing and watching football Travelling Participati ng in talks and debates Painting REFEREES: **** **** **** Discussion The C.V. contains a description of my personal, educational and professional life. The career aspirations and goals resonate with the skills disclosed in the skills audit section. The information contained in the C.V is very helpful as it can be used by a potential employer to assess my qualification, skills and capability. As such, the C.V. has been written coherently to reveal my strengths such that potential employers can understand why I could be the best candidate for a particular position, which I will be interested in. Therefore, this CV is designed to attract an employer’s attention by making it possible for them to assess my unique qualities in the shortest time possible. For that reason, the CV has started by highlighting what I can offer to the employer at the beginning. Ideally, my CV captures the following skills which were also the main components in the skills audit.1 My teamwork capability ha s been emphasised in the CV. As part of my career objectives, I have disclosed that I want to be a team player. This issue is fundamental considering that most of the organisational goals cannot be achieved without people working together as a group, and therefore any potential employer will be on the lookout for those potential employees who are driven by the spirit of teamwork. In my profile, I have mentioned that I am a strong communicator, a quality that resonates with written and verbal communication skills mentioned in the audit section. Certainly, any business activity involves communication and many employers are interested with employees who have strong verbal and written capability. Strong initiative and creativity is also empathised in my CV, because as explain in the skills audit, this skill will make employers to realise that I can add value in the companies because creativity will help solve problems and come up with new ways of doing things. This unique quality differ entiates me from a crowd of applicants. Also my strong computer qualifications as disclosed in the CV

Law and Politics Essay Example for Free

Law and Politics Essay Murphy and selected internet and electronic readings Some journal articles will need to be accessed through the UVU Library Journal database. If the below links to internet sources do not work, you should first search Google for alternative links. If you are still unsuccessful, then contact Dr. Griffin. ? This schedule is only â€Å"tentative† and subject to change by verbal or written notification – stay tuned! _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Jan 8, 10 Introduction Introduction to course review of syllabus The Nature and Prominent Theories of Law (M) 3-12 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books, 2 vols. , pp. 39-62 Introduction, Section II, â€Å"Of The Nature of Laws in General,† pp. 39-47 (scroll down). http://oll. libertyfund. org/? option=com_staticxtstaticfile=show. php%3Ftitle=2140chapter=198645layout=htmlItemid=27 ? ? ? Charles Grove Haines, A Survey of the Development of Natural law Doctrines, 1930 Chapter 1 Ancient and Medieval Natural Law Theories, http://www. constitution. org/haines/haines_001. htm King, Martin Luther Jr. Letter from the Birmingham Jail. In Why We Cant Wait, ed. Martin Luther King, Jr. , 1963. http://www. stanford. edu/group/King/liberation_curriculum/pdfs/letterfrombirmingham_wwcw. pdf Herbert Spiegelberg, Justice Presupposes Natural Law, pp. 343-348 http://www. jstor. org/sici? sici=0014-1704(193904)49%3A3%3C343%3AJPNL%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-6 Jan 15 Origins and Roles of Courts and Judges (M) 13-20, 22-46 Martin Shapiro, â€Å"The Logic of The Triad. † (UVU Canvas) John Underwood Lewis, Sir Edward Coke (1552-1564): His Theory of â€Å"Artificial Reason† as a Context for Modern Basic Legal Theory. (UVU Canvas) James Wilson, The Works of James Wilson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , Vol. 2, Chapter IV, â€Å"Of the Nature of Courts,† pp. 287-299. http://books. google. com/books? id=lIs0AAAAMAAJ;pg=PA1;dq=James+Wilson,+The+Works+of+James+Wilson,+volume+2;hl =en;ei=9bx1TIyKA4W6sQOEqL2hDQ;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=2;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage;q;f=fa lse

The Black Death: Impact On Society

The Black Death: Impact On Society The Black Death was the biggest disaster in European history. From its beginning in Italy in late 1347 through its movement across the continent to its fading out in the Russian hinterlands in 1353, this plague killed between seventeen and twenty eight million people. The gruesome symptoms and the deadliness, have fixed the Black Death in popular imagination. Discovering the diseases cultural, social, and economic impact, has occupied generations of scholars. Despite the growing understandings and wonders of the Black Deaths effects, definitive assessment of its role as historical turning point continues to be a work in progress. Like the plagues death toll, its economic impact resists incompetent measurement. The Black Deaths timing made a superficial labeling of it as a turning point in European economic history nearly inevitable. It arrived near the close of the high Middle Ages (c. 1000 to c. 1300) in which urban life reemerged, long distance commerce revived, business and manufacturing innovated, agriculture matured, and population grew rapidly, doubling or tripling. The Black Death simultaneously proposed an economically stagnant, and a depressed late Middle Ages (c. 1300 to c. 1500). Even if this crude and somewhat misleading portrait of the medieval economy is accepted, isolating the Black Deaths economic impact from diverse factors at play is a daunting challenge. Aware of the differences between the high and the late Middle Ages, students of medieval economy have offered a wide variety of explanations, some mutually limited, others not, some favored the less dramatic, and the less visible, yet consistent factor as an agent of change rather than a disastrous demographic shift. For some, when the climate cooled it undercut the agricultural productivity, a downturn that rippled throughout the primariy Agrarian economy. For others, exploitative political, social, and economic institutions enriched an idle elite and deprived working society of resources and incentive to be inventive and productive. Yet others associate trade and industry factors with the fourteenth and fifteenth century economic depression. In the reconstruction of the Middle Ages, the population growth was hard-pressed against the societys ability to feed itself. The uprise in deficiency and contracting holdings compelled the peasant to develop inferior, low fertility land and to convert pasture to poor production and thereby reducing the numbers of livestock and making manure for fertilizer less availible. Boosting gross productivity in the immediate term yet driving yields of grain downward in the long term to intensify the disproportion between population and food supply; redressing the imbalance became expected. This ideas supporters see signs of demographic correction from the mid thirteenth century onward, possibly arising in part from marriage practices that reduced fertility. A more potent correction came with subsistence crisis. Wretched weather in 1315 destroyed crops and the ensuing Great Famine (1315-22) . It reduced northern Europes population by perhaps ten to fifteen percent. The Black Deaths impact on the economys commercial division is a complex problem. The enthusiasm of the high medieval economy is generally conceded. When the first millennium gave way to the second, urban life revitalized, the trade and manufacturing flourished, merchant and craft gilds emerged, commercial and financial innovations thrive. The integration of the high medieval economy reached its high point c. 1250 to c. 1325 with the rise of large companies with international interests, such as the Bonsignori of Siena and the Buonaccorsi of Florence and the materialization of so called super companies such as the Florentine Bardi, Peruzzi, and Acciaiuoli (Hunt and Murray, 1999). The Black Deaths impact on business its full due, but emphasizes the variety of the plagues impact from merchant to merchant, industry to industry, and city to city. Success or failure was equally possible after the Black Death and the game favored adaptability, creativity, nimbleness, opportunity, and foresight. Once the magna pestilencia had passed, the city had to get by with a labor supply even more greatly decimated than in the countryside, due to a generally higher urban death rate. The city, however, could reverse some of this damage by attracting, new workers from the countryside, an occurrence that deepened the crisis for the manorial lord and contributed to changes in rural settlement. A reappearance of the slave trade occurred in the Mediterranean, especially in Italy, where the female slaves from Asia or Africa entered domestic service in the city and the male slaves worked hard in the countryside. However, finding more labor was not a universal remedy. If peasant or slav e could perform an unskilled task effectively, but could not necessarily replace a skilled laborer. The gross loss of talent due to the plague caused a decline in per capita productivity by skilled labor was remedied only by time and training (Hunt and Murray, 1999; Miskimin, 1975). Another immediate consequence of the Black Death was displacement of the demand for goods. A suddenly and sharply smaller population ensured a surplus of manufactured and trade goods, whose prices plummeted for a time. The businessman who successfully weathered this short term disproportion in supply and demand then had to reshape his business output to fit a declining or at best sluggish pool of potential customers. The Black Death had altered the structure of demand as well. The standard of living of the peasant improved, however, chronically low prices for grain and other agricultural products from the late fourteenth century deprived the peasant of the additional income to purchase enough manufactured or trade items to fill the hole in commercial demand. In the city the plague concentrated wealth, often considerable family fortunes, in fewer and often younger hands.When coupled with lower prices for grain, left greater per capita of disposable income. The plagues psychological impact, in addition, influenced how this windfall was used. Glumness and the specter of death spurred an individualistic pursuit of pleasure, a profligacy that manifested itself in the purchase of luxuries, especially in Italy. Even with the reduced population, the gross quantity of luxury goods manufactured and sold rose, a pattern of consumption that continued even after the extra income had been spent within a genera tion or so after the magna pestilencia. Like the manorial lord, the affluent urban bourgeois (a person belonging to the middle class) sometimes employed structural impediments to block the ambitious parvenu (a person who is newcomer to a socioeconomic class) from joining his ranks and becoming a competitor. A inclination toward limiting the status of gild master to the son or the son in law of a sitting master, is evident in the first half of the fourteenth century, gained further forward motion after the Black Death. The need for more laborers and journeymen after the plague was conceded in the shortening of terms of apprenticeship, but the newly minted journeyman often discovered that his chance of breaking through the glass ceiling and becoming a master was virtually nothing without an entrà ©e through kinship. Women were also being banished from the gilds, they were unwanted competition. The urban laborer had no access to urban structures of power, a potent source of frustration. While these measures may have permitte d the bourgeois to hold his ground for a time, change was erupting in the city as well as the countryside and gild monopolies and gild restrictions were disputing by the close of the Middle Ages. In the new climate created by the Black Death, the businessman did retain an advantage. The business judgment and techniques perfected during the high Middle Ages. This was critical in a contracting economy, in which gross productivity never attained its high medieval peak. A fluctuating economy demanded adaptability and the most successful businessman not merely weathered bad times, but found opportunities within adversity and exploited them. Post plague businessmens had a preference for short term rather than long term ventures. They once believed a product of a depressing despondency caused by the plague and made worse by widespread violence, decay of traditional institutions, and nearly continuous warfare. It is now viewed as a judicious desire to leave open entrepreneurial options, to manage risk effectively, and to take advantage of whatever opportunities arise. The successful businessman observed markets closely and responded to them while exercising strict control over his co ncern, looking for greater efficiency, and trimming costs. (Hunt and Murray, 1999). The Black Death may indeed have made its greatest contribution to popular revolution by expanding the peasants perspectives and fueling a sense of criticism at the pace of change. The plague may also have undercut devotion to the notion of a exquisitely sanctioned, social order and pummeled a belief that preservation of manorial socioeconomic arrangements was essential to the survival of all. This in turn may have raised receptiveness to the apocalyptic socially revolutionary message of preachers like Englands John Ball. After the Black Death, change was inevitable and apparent to all. XXXXIn sum, the Black Death played some role in each uprising but, as with many medieval phenomena, it is difficult to gauge its importance relative to other causes. Perhaps the plagues greatest contribution to unrest lay in its fostering of a shrinking economy that for a time was less able to absorb socioeconomic tensions than had the growing high medieval economy. The rebellions in any event achieved little. Promises made to the rebels were invariably broken and brutal reprisals often followed. The lot of the lower socioeconomic strata was improved incrementally by the larger economic changes already at work. Viewed from this perspective, the Black Death may have had more influence in resolving the workers grievances than in spurring revolt. The European economy at the close of the Middle Ages (c. 1500) differed fundamentally from the pre-plague economy. In the countryside, a freer peasant derived greater material benefit from his toil. Fixed rents if not outright ownership of land had largely displaced customary dues and services and, despite low grain prices, the peasant more readily fed himself and his family from his own land and produced a surplus for the market. Yields improved as reduced population permitted a greater focus on fertile lands and more frequent fallowing, a beneficial phenomenon for the peasant. More pronounced socioeconomic gradations developed among peasants as some, especially more prosperous ones, exploited the changed circumstances, especially the availability of land. The peasants gain was the lords loss. As the Middle Ages waned, the lord was commonly a pure renter whose income was subject to the depredations of inflation. In trade and manufacturing, the relative ease of success during the high Middle Ages gave way to greater competition, which rewarded better business practices and leaner, meaner, and more efficient concerns. Greater sensitivity to the market and the cutting of costs ultimately rewarded the European consumer with a wider range of good at better prices. In the long term, the restructuring caused by the Black Death perhaps fostered the possibility of new economic growth. The deadly disease returned Europes population roughly its level c. 1100. As one scholar notes, the Black Death, unlike other catastrophes, destroyed people but not property and the very slim population was left with the whole of Europes resources to exploit. The resources were far more substantial by 1347 than they had been two and a half centuries earlier, when they had been created from the ground up. In this environment, survivors also benefited from the technological and commercial skills developed during the course of the high Middle Ages. Viewed from another perspective, the Black Death was a cataclysmic event and reduction of expenditure was inevitable, but it ultimately diminished economic impediments and opened new opportunity. References and Further Reading: Bailey, Mark D. Demographic Decline in Late Medieval England: Some Thoughts on Recent Research. Economic History Review 49 (1996): 1-19. Bailey, Mark D. A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Campbell, Bruce M. S. Agricultural Progress in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk. Economic History Review 36 (1983): 26-46. Campbell, Bruce M. S., ed. Before the Black Death: Studies in the Crisis of the Early Fourteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991. . Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West, edited by S. K. Cohn. Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Horrox, Rosemary, transl. and ed. The Black Death. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. Hunt, Edwin S.and James M. Murray. A History of Business in Medieval Europe, 1200-1550. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Miskimin, Harry A. The Economy of the Early Renaissance, 1300-1460. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Platt, Colin. King Death: The Black Death and its Aftermath in Late-Medieval England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. Poos, Lawrence R. A Rural Society after the Black Death: Essex 1350-1575. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. London: Penguin, 1969, 1987. Citation: Routt, David. The Economic Impact of the Black Death. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. July 20, 2008. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Routt.Black.Death

Zero-based budgeting

Introduction Introduction of Zero-based budgeting Zero-based budgeting attempts to get the better of the restrictions of incremental budgets. The method was non used last year’s budget, this method required that planed expensive for bing activities should get down from base nothing. The directors needed to explicate all budgeted expensive was non follow the alteration from the last twelvemonth. Besides used zero-based budgeting, the method ever focal point on activities or programmes, the method was non followed characteristic of traditional budgeting, the method used functional section under on line-item. Programmes normally associate to non-profit devising or public sector organisation. ( Colin Drury. , ( 2012 ) , pp.381. ) . Introduction of Po Leung Kuk Po Leung Kuk established November 8, 1878, get downing work was prevent the abduction, protect incapacitated adult females and kids, mediate household and matrimonial struggle. In gait with Hong Kong maintain traveling alteration, Po Leung Kuk was extent societal service organisations, they was supply different multiple high-quality service for public. Engineered cost, Discretionary costs and Committed costs in organisation Po Leung Kuk in order to supply more service to public, form will better the aged place installations in order to hold great environment for old people, besides, form will construct more medical and dental room to increase the medical attention, which are engineered cost in organisation. In the discretional costs, Po Leung Kuk normally purchases wheelchair, rehabilitation equipment for old people, form besides purchases book to give pupil reading, form can keep the patron program from public, which besides can diminish disbursals in organisation. Furthermore, In the committed costs, the societal support traveling to alter, and the old people continue increase in societal, the organize need to alter the service mark, the organize will put up subsidiary medical service, the organize will engage more profession physician and nurse to supply perfect median service for old people. Omegaero-based budgetingapplied to organisation The nothing based budgeting based on Po Leung Kuk, the determination units were education personal businesss and societal services. Po Leung Kuk instruction personal businesss service provide different multiple high-quality service for public, for illustration, kindergartens, primary school, secondary school, college, dark school, instruction service centres, particular school and residence halls. The instruction personal businesss service determination bundle were scholarships, grant and instruction financess, school and word competition and reading plan. First, the scholarships, grants and instruction financess, they in order to increase instruction quality, the organisation provided different instruction financess for pupil, the organisation besides collected resources from external. Furthermore, the joint schools and word competition could allow pupil were multiple development and discuss in the competition. Besides, the organisation will keep every joint schools and word competition, for illustration, ball game and composing competition, this could allow pupil had wellness lift in school. Besides, the reading plan attracted most public to back up, form used contribution fee to purchased book, improved library installation and promoted reading actives, which encouraged pupil read different books and supply great environment for survey reading. The societal services determination bundles were kids and young person service, rehabilitation services and aged services. First, the kids and young person service provided multiple support and helper to assist kids and young person people exert endowment, overcome hard and edible positive life. And the service provided fund to immature people, they could used the fund to complete their dream. Furthermore, the service helped disablement people and provided multiple rehabilitation services and provided residential service, twenty-four hours activity Centre, integrated vocational services, para-medical and other services. The service besides provided aged services, the service give old people live aged place and provided adjunct service to old people. The ranking of determination bundles goes in the order of diminishing benefit. The director must place of import merchandises or services in company. The highest precedence assigned to anticipate addition of service and merchandise in the hereafter. ( accounting-financial-tax ) , ( n.d. ) . In the Po Leung Kuk, the organisation normally used near half contribution in instruction service in the old twelvemonth. ( Po Leung Kuk ) , ( n.d. ) .The old people keep addition in the hereafter, the demand of aged service besides will increase. So the first rankings of bundles are aged service, for illustration, medical and incorporate wellness services, aged places and aged community attention. In position old people maintain traveling addition, the organize should utilize the budget to keep more service and engage more professional physician and nurse to see old people, for illustration, the organisation can utilize the budget to supply more twenty-four hours attention services for old people and can supply more medical and incorporate wellness services in the hereafter. The 2nd ranking of bundles are rehabilitation services, the organize use the budget can supply more preparation and helper for disable individual, which service can increase attention ability and increase life accomplishment for disable individual. Though the service can allow more people to understand disable individual and can give more assurance for disable individual to work in societal. Finally, the 3rd rankings of bundles are youth service, with the societal support traveling to alter, the kid and immature people face different job, for illustration, the immature people deficiency of work experience and educational, they will go less competitory group. The organize can utilize the budget to assist this people, the organize can construct more event and category to research their possible and increase their occupation accomplishment. And form can keep some coder with concern, allow the immature people can pattern to acquire more occupation experience, allow immature people to do confident and set up positive value. The scholarships, grants and instruction financess, joint schools and word competition and the reading plan is non including rankings of bundles. Because this had been more fund from public, the service could utilize the fund and donate to keep many event for their pupil. Beside, the service had been adequate installation to supply pupil, so the three services are non include ranking of bundle. . Advantage ofZero-based budgeting The director can utilize zero based budgeting to measure the best public presentation of different bundle, such as, the Po Leung Kuk were different service provide to public, through the ranking of bundle, the director can understand which service are benefit and will concentrate the service public presentation in the hereafter. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Besides, through the nothing based budgeting can increase teamwork in the organisation, for illustration, through planning scheduling, and budgeting with different measure to complete zero based budgeting, which must necessitate teamwork and communicating with different section to complete the end together. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Furthermore, the zero based budget more sensible than traditional budget. In the Po Leung Kuk were different service provide to public, the organize used fund and budget to instruction service in old twelvemonth, but the societal support traveling to alter, the societal are besides different job, for illustration, more teenager face deficiency of instruction job and unemployment, so the organize must maintain traveling to alter the service mark. Through the nothing based budget, the director need non to follow how to used budget in old twelvemonth, the organize can flexible alter the budget to different service. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Disadvantage ofZero-based budgeting The director utilize more clip to put up zero-based Budge, this will utilize more clip to planning, scheduling, and budgeting to put up the zero-based budgeting. In the Po Leung Kuk were different service provide to public, the director must utilize more clip to put up the nothing based budgeting system. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Besides, the Zero-based budgeting may increase disbursals in the hereafter, in the Po Leung Kuk are large size organisation, they are different section and service, if the zero-based budgeting tally in organisation, the director must utilize more clip to detect the budget whether consequence in the each service. Which may allow director can non complete their original occupation, form may engage extra people to complete their occupations, so the zero-based budget may increase the disbursals. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Beside, the director utilize more clip to reexamine the day of the month and information to be after the zero-based budgeting, the day of the month and information may insufficient Lashkar-e-Taiba director do incorrect determination ranking, which will impact the budget arrange to service and may non hold benefit in the hereafter. ( Colin Drury. , ( 2012 ) , pp.382. ) . Furthermore, the budget may used for service in long-run, if long-run nature, this may do big hard currency disbursals and will publish job, for illustration, if the director determination ranking is education service in Po Leung Kuk, the budget is non plenty for the service, this will do extra disbursal, so the director may be after short-run budget planning. ( accounting-financial-tax ) , ( n.d. ) . Decision The zero-based budgeting is utile in organisation, because the societal support traveling alteration, the organize need non follow to used budget in old twelvemonth, the service mark besides maintain traveling to alter, so the zero-based budgeting suited for organisation, Besides the budget plan can allow director to understand which service public presentations are best in the organisation. However, through the planning, scheduling, and budgeting, the zero-based budgeting usage more clip and people to put up. And the budget plan merely set up short term budget planning. Refervitamin Ence Colin, Drury. , ( 2012 ) . Management and cost accounting. eight erectile dysfunction. United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA. Po Leung Kuk, ( n.d. ) . History. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.poleungkuk.org.hk/social-services.html [ accessed 9.11.2014 ] Investing Answers, ( n.d. ) . Zero-Based Budgeting. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/businesses-corporations/zero-based-budgeting-5925 [ accessed 9.11.2014 ] Accounting Tools, ( n.d. ) . Advantages and Disadvantages of ZBB. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accountingtools.com/zero-based-budgeting [ accessed 14.11.2014 ] Accounting, fiscal and revenue enhancement, ( n.d. ) . Undertaking ( Program ) Budgets from: hypertext transfer protocol: //accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/08/what-is-zero-base-budgeting-zbb/ [ accessed 15.11.2014 ] Entire word: 1432 Zero-Based Budgeting Every organization goes through a point where it has to re-evaluate all its departments in an effort to see if they are all working to their full capacity or if there are any cuts and or reductions that can be made in an effort to save the organization some capital. Whenever anyone hears about reevaluations of department the first thing that comes to their mind is that they is a possibility that jobs may be deemed no longer necessary and therefore cut.Budgeting your expenses is an essential component in managing your internal controls and ensuring that your practice remains financially healthy. Zero-based budgeting dictates that supplier contracts be renegotiated for better rates, and rotating debt be transferred to a card with a lower interest rate. (Smith 2010). Now that I have been given the job to help Windsor Memorial Hospital achieve a zero based budget I must look at each and every department in an effort to see what is working and what is not.I have look at everything and see what can be cut in an effort to save the hospital some money. One of my first duties is to ask each department manager to outline the job duties of each one of their employees and to outline their overhead expenses including salaries and any reimbursable expenses that are being out for each member. Once I have all these I outlines I will sit down with each department and go over their findings with them and see if we can come up with ways where we can save money.My objective is to save as many jobs as possible as I know that all jobs are important in providing the best quality of service for all the patients that come through the doors of the hospital. In talking with the managers we will see if it is possible to utilize the employees we currently have to fill any possible job openings by realigning job duties among the staff. When it comes to the complex continuing care we have reevaluate and see if it I worth having this department opened or is the job paying more money just to k eep it opened and operating.We may look to see if there is any possibility that we can reduce the amount of money that the hospital is paying to keep this department opened. We may want to look into the possibility of working with another hospital and cost sharing the cost of the department in an effort to keep the department opened. We can speak to universities in the area that would be willing to use the complex continuing care unit as a learning center for their pre-med students. When Craig Brown took the reins as director of the materials organization at Intel Corp.in the spring of 2006, right away he had to make some tough decisions. In attacking that bureaucracy, Brown developed a plan, keeping two points always top of mind: Getting materials back to zero-based budgeting and developing and retaining the skilled purchasing professionals working in the organization. (Avery 2008). As mentioned in the article above it is also important to retrain the staff in order to teach them t o how to create a plan where they are ordering only as needed and are not purchasing and ordering items that are not needed.One of the rules being implemented going forward is that all reimbursement for any travel and expenses will need to be pre-approved by manager and then approved by a financial officer. One of the other proposals that I presented to the managers and will present to the board is a lower cost health insurance for all employees. At this time the employees are only paying 20% of their health care with my proposal they will have to pay 35% but will have the option to pick from several different plans as well as be able to have a health saving account that the company will contribute to depending on health care screenings completed.Sometimes regarded as the best method of prioritizing budgetary expenditures, Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) was introduced into China in the early 1990s and systematically adopted since the recent budgeting reform although it has experienced n umerous failures in many countries. Interestingly, ZBB has not disappeared but is deliberately applied to budgetary decisions of one type of expenditures under the Chinese style TBB. However, even in the field where ZBB is practiced, its achievements are at best moderate. (Ma, Bunch & Tang 2006).Zero based budgeting is not something that many employees want to hear because they feel that with this job elimination will soon follow. But that is not always the case in creating my zero based budgeting while I cannot promise that there will not be any job elimination I can assure all the employees that I will try my hardest to make sure that I can save as many jobs as possible. I will present all my findings as well as all the detailed department functions and all expenditures to the board for final determination.I will also present my findings of sharing the cost of the complex continuing care department with another hospital and or clinic as well as reaching out to universities in the area and offering the department to pre-med students in an effort to keep it open and at the same time reduce the high cost of running the department. While any changes to an organization can make the staff uneasy about their job security.In talking to the staff they are still a bit apprehensive and uneasy about what I will present to the board and are still worried whether or not their jobs will be on the cutting block. I have shared my findings with the managers of each department in the hopes that they could speak to their staff and calm some of their uneasiness. I have created a detailed report that outlines the current expenses that the hospital has, as well a detailed finding of my zero balance budget that will cut the expenses that the hospital has by more than 25% a year.

Master of Public Health

1.   Statement of purpose for Masters of Public Health in USAI would like to think of a world where people would give priority to prevention rather than cure and save millions of dollars in medical procedures and health care provisions.   During the initial stage of my medical studies, I was considering a career in rehabilitation medicine because of the exposure that I had in physical therapy.   Although I enjoyed the field of helping people recover from their injuries and regain some of the functions that they have lost,I have often wondered why people prefer to spend so much money on seeking effective medical treatment instead of preventing illnesses, diseases and injuries.   While having close contacts with patients and monitoring their health conditions, my heart was drawn to pursue a career that would give emphasis to prevention and primary care so I can help my country and my fellowmen in Vietnam.Being a daughter of parents who are both in the field of medicine, I am fo rtunate enough to have a close view of the skills, knowledge and dedication involve in being a doctor.   Since I was a child, I had an early exposure in seeing my father render his service as a family physician in his private clinic in our district.   My father has been working for more than 30 years.   Each time I see patients consult him on some illnesses and health problems that are preventable, the never ending thought of knowing why people do not want to prevent illnesses kept bothering me.   I felt that something should be done.When I complete my Master degree in Public Health, I would like to collaborate with the Department of Health in educating my countrymen on the importance of preventive medicine so they can be spared of costly medical bills and they will be able to live a healthy and productive life.   Furthermore, I would like to be involved in research so I can impart my knowledge to other doctors and medical students and facilitate an exchange of knowledge a nd views among medical professionals on issues related to public health in my country and abroad.2.   Submit a narrative describing my past education, experience, and current professional career objectives.Through the Japanese government scholarship, I was awarded a full scholarship to take a medical course in Japan.   I have lived in Tokyo, Japan for 6 years.   Currently, I am on my last year of my medical studies in Tokyo Medical and Dental University.I obtained an initial introduction to public health during the 2-month course period in my current university.   The one semester class provided me with a basic but thorough understanding of the issues faced in health care today.   Then, I spent a month of internship in various health clinics in Tokyo and its outskirts.   To increase my knowledge about health care in other parts of the world, I participated in a month of externship in Western health care in the Gynecology department in Medical University of Valladolid in Spain.   As a medical student, I have spent the last two years of my studies in the hospitals and health clinics.   This experience has given me a clearer view about health care.I am thankful that each month, the university provides a special lecture and health care seminar that enabled me to meet some public health leaders specializing in various fields in different countries.   The knowledge and exposure has further strengthened my belief that no matter how developed a country is or how well organized their medical and health care system is, their citizens will still demand for a better health care system, a better preventive medicine and sanitation.Public health will always be a problem that will demand tremendous work in order to find an effective and efficient solution to a health problem without sacrificing quality.   The continuous problems faced by professionals in public health demand innovative and carefully thought solutions.   My medical background has also pro vided me with a chance to view health care programs in different perspectives and triggered my interest in preventive medicine and quality health care.In Vietnam, I had a chance to assist my parents while they were treating patients in their clinic.   Sometimes, I join them whenever they do their rounds and visit patients in the hospital.   My parents taught me the importance of having a good patient-doctor relationship and to maintain a good bedside manner at all times.   They believe that an effective cure does not only come with its physical treatment, it should also come together with the emotional and spiritual upliftment.   When all things fail, the patients’ determination and will to survive will take over.My parents have exposed me to the medical cases and issues that have confronted them during their medical practice.   I had the chance to review the medical history of the patients and understand their illnesses.   I have also met some specialists who had meetings with my parents to discuss the best possible treatment that could be given to their patients.   In many cases, I have often seen a lot of people go to the hospital or consult a doctor when their illness is already worst.Others have to remain in the hospital for many days for further observation and further treatment.   There are young people who have suffered from diseases and health problems such as heart attack, stroke, lung cancer and diabetes that could have been prevented by following a healthy lifestyle.   I have witnessed how members of the patients’ family struggle to search for money in order to save the lives of their loved ones and be provided with the treatment that they needed.During those years, I have always been nagged by the issue of prevention and cure and how each citizen could have a longer lifespan and a better quality of life if they were informed and educated about the prevention of illnesses.   I have also thought about how the countr y’s allocation of resources to those who have preventable illnesses could have been used to cure other non-preventable sickness.   All these thoughts have pushed me to serve my country and be in the field of public health.I still render my volunteer service whenever there is a chance to join the medical mission sponsored by various non-government organizations.   In the past medical missions, I have worked with volunteer doctors, nurses and para-professionals.   I interviewed patients and recorded their complaints and medical history.   Then, I accompanied them to the doctor who provided the treatment and gave them the necessary prescriptions and medicines.I also assisted the doctors in making referrals to the hospitals and other specialist.   Sometimes, I accompany some doctors who monitor the progress of these patients.   My hunger for knowledge and my passion to be of service to the community continuously grow with every exposure that I have in the field of hea lth and medicine.   The fulfillment of seeing people respond to the treatment and to see the smiles in their faces is priceless and worth every ounce of work and perseverance that I have given to my studies and profession.3. Plans that the applicant has to use the education and training acquired at university, the needs and/or challenges the applicant perceives as important in the relevant field of study, and any personal qualities, characteristics, and skills the applicant believes will enable him or her to be successful in the chosen field of study.Foreign students like me will benefit from the extra-ordinarily talented professionals and interdisciplinary program that emphasize on problem solving and the acquisition of fundamental public health skills.   The faculty brings a range of skills and real-world experience to its work while providing the foundation for our intellectual growth.As a citizen of an Asian country, I am glad that the program incorporates research and servi ce activities that are designed to identify and resolve economic, clinical and behavioral issues focusing on Africa and Asia.   This will enrich my knowledge in disease control and prevention while learning ways to improve the health condition of people residing in resource poor countries.So many lives were affected in Asian countries due to diseases transmitted by insects (malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever), through food and water (cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, parasitic infection), through intimate contact (AIDS/HIV, hepatitis B), and other diseases (Schistosomiasis, rabies, tuberculosis, pneumonia).Vaccinations for measles could have prevented pregnant mothers from delivering a child with mental retardation, deafness and blindness.   Early death among children could have been prevented if there is a massive immunization drive in the community.   Since Vietnam is part of Asia, I would like to actively support and participate in the implementat ion of the health program not only in my country but also in other Asian countries.Being a foreigner, I believe that it will be a challenge to know about the public health programs, policies and issues as well as health services across the states.   In my graduate studies, I expect to have a number of research papers and case studies to work on that will enriched my knowledge and exposure on the different side of health care that is found in a developed country.   There is a big difference in terms of public health policies and programs between developed and developing countries.   In my studies, I would like to thoroughly study its differences and would like to determine how the health care policies and programs in the United States can be adapted in Vietnam.How can I keep my countrymen healthy?   How can I contribute to the quality of care in Vietnam?   I would like to find answers for these questions before returning to my homeland after the completion of my graduate st udies in public health.   I welcome the challenge to study in a technologically advanced country.   My dedication and passion to serve my country outweighs the challenge and the obstacles that any foreign student will face in a foreign land.

The Eponymy Family

The Eponymy Family The Eponymy Family The Eponymy Family By Maeve Maddox The suffix -nym means name. The word eponym comes from Greek eponymos, â€Å"given as a name; bestowing a name on something.† eponym: noun. The person for whom a country or location is named. For example, Romulus is the legendary eponym of Rome. Simà ³n Bolivar is the known eponym of Bolivia. eponym: noun. A proper name used generically; more loosely, the generic name itself, or any noun phrase of specific meaning which includes a proper name. For example, Marxism: a theory and practice of socialism developed by or associated with Karl Marx; ohm: a unit of electrical resistance. eponymism: noun. the practice of accounting for names of places or peoples by referring them to supposed prehistoric eponyms. In the Middle Ages, writers claimed Brutus of Troy as the eponym of Britain and the British people. eponomy: noun. another word for eponymism. eponymize: v. (trans.) to serve as eponym to. For example, the name Benedict Arnold has become an eponym for traitor. eponymous: adjective. referring to an eponym. For example, Jane Eyre is the eponymous heroine of the novel by Charlotte Bronte. Another word used for eponymous is eponymic. Many eponyms derive from Greek or Roman religious belief and practice. For example, the first six months of the year: January: Named for Janus, the Roman god of gates and doorways, depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions February: Named for Februa, Roman festival of purification held in that month. March: Named for Mars, Roman god of war. April: The name came from an Etruscan word associated with Aphrodite, Greek goddess of love and beauty. May: Named for Maia, the great one,† Italic goddess of spring and daughter of Faunus. June: Named for Juno, principal Roman goddess and patroness of women and marriage. Her month is still popular with brides. Many plant names derive from the names of the people who introduced them to their own cultures. The poinsettia is named for Joel Roberts Poinsett (1779-1851), U.S. ambassador to Mexico. German botanist Johann G. Zinn gave his name to the zinnia. Both the begonia and the bougainvillea received their names from Frenchmen: Michel Bà ©gon (1638–1710), and Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811). A plant derivative, nicotine, takes its name from another Frenchman: Jean Nicot de Villemain (1530-1600). A great many discoveries and practical inventions have been named for people who had little to do with them. There’s even a law for that: Stigler’s Law of Eponymy. University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler postulated the law in an article published in 1980. The law states, â€Å"No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer.† Here are some examples of the truth of Stigler’s law: America: named for Americo Vespucci, but discovered by others. Arabic numerals: invented in India. Fibonacci numbers: existed in Indian mathematics a thousand years earlier than Fibonacci. Gresham’s law: described by Nicolaus Copernicus the year Gresham was born. Halley’s comet: observed by astronomers in ancient times. Higgs boson: named for Peter Higgs, but first theorized by Robert Brout and Francois Englert. Stigler’s Law of Eponymy: derives from sociologist Robert K. Merton’s postulation of the Matthew effect (another eponym). Merton studied the reward system in science and concluded that famous scientists receive disproportionate credit for their contributions. Conversely, lesser known scientists receive less credit than they deserve. Merton called this the Matthew effect. He took the name from the gospel of Matthew: For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken even that which he hath.25:29, KJV. In modern, noneponymous terms, â€Å"the squeaking wheel gets the oil.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know40 Fish IdiomsAdverbs and Hyphens

earth worms essays

earth worms essays - Prostomium - a small fleshy lobe that extends over the mouth, used to help dig through the soil - Mouth - the entrance for food into the digestive system, located under the prostomium - Pharynx - A tube at the beginning of the digestive tract that creates a sucking action to remove food particles from the soil, located just behind the mouth - Esophagus - a narrow passage in the digestive track that connects the pharynex to the crop - Crop - a temporary storage area in the digestive track , food waits here before it passes to the remainder of the digestive track - Gizzard - an area in the digestive track where strong muscles grind the food in preparation for digestion - Intestine - Nutrient digestion and absorption take place in this part if the digestive track. - Anus - Digestive wastes are expelled through this opening located on the posterior end of the worm. - Brain - a center of nerve cells that coordinate all of the activities of the worms body - Ventral nerve cord - A cord of nerves that runs the length of the body along the bottom or belly of the worm. All nerve impulses to and from the brain are carried din this cord - Aortic Arches - a group of 5 muscular tubes that pump blood through the circulatory system of the worm - Ventral blood vessels - a tube structure that carries blood from the heart to the posterior of the worm located on the bottom of the worm, - Dorsal blood vessel - gathers blood from the capillaries in the body and returns it to the heart for recircutation located in the back or top of the worm - Seminal Vesicles (openings) - male reproductive organs - Ovary (oviduct ovaries) - egg sack, female reproductive organs - Seminal Receptacles (openings) - temporary storage areas for the male sperm until the eggs are ready to be fertilized ...

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Case Study - Essay Example Lastly, the company can downsize to keep its profit intact. Firstly, whereas the â€Å"do nothing† alternative is ‘cheap,’ it can legitimize similar problems in future. Secondly, investigations are time-consuming and costly, but create an excellent precedent for accountability. Thirdly, seeking financial assistance would increase the company’s debts and affect the profits (Maurer, 1996). Lastly, downsizing would limit expenses, but can overburden the workforce and impact on service quality as well as profits. Hiring fewer, competent supervisors and carrying out regular audits is the best alternative that would limit such problems (Hammond, Keeney, & Raiffa, 1999). This option would enhance accountability and limit operational costs. Rest Assured needs to carry out thoughtful planning and execution of financial decisions through involvement of all of the relevant stakeholders. This way, Maurer (1996) says stakeholder resistance and sabotage in a worst case scenario would be avoided. In summary, financial problems require thoughtful solutions, since any wrong decisions would have long-term impacts on the financial position and viability of the business. Doing nothing ensures consistency but has the potential to create more serious problems; audits are costly, but improve accountability; seeking financial assistance would keep the company in business, but add to company debts; downsizing limits service quality and

IT - Virtual Reality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT - Virtual Reality - Research Paper Example In view of the fact that it involves so many factors, hence it took a lot of time and efforts to build it what it is nowadays. In addition, the virtual reality is yet a great deal hyped term that carries people to consider on the eternal virtues of this rising technology and paradigm. However, with the passage of time we are observing a lot of real implementations of virtual reality appearing into life (VRS, 2009). This paper presents a detailed overview of virtual reality. In this scenario, this research will cover a lot of aspects which are related to virtual reality such as its history, its associated elements and advantages. History of Virtual Reality The idea of virtual reality has always been in under construction and optional for many years, even though the public simply became aware of it in the early 90s. Basically, the history of virtual reality can be traced back in the mid 50s; when Morton Heilig who was a cinematographer imagined a theatre experience that would excite al l his audiences’ senses, catching them into the stories more efficiently. For this purpose, he constructed a single client console in the 60s, which is known as the  Sensorama  that incorporated fans, a stereoscopic display, stereo  speakers, odor emitters  and a moving chair. In addition, he as well invented a head-mounted  TV to allow the people to watch TV in 3-D. In this scenario, users were passive viewers of the films, however a lot of Heilig’s ideas have discovered their way in the VR field (Strickland, 2012). After that Philco Corporation  engineers  developed the primary HMD in 1961 that is known as  Headsight. The helmet comprised a video screen and tracking system that engineers connected to a high-tech closed circuit camera system. They projected the HMD for utilizing in hazardous situations; a user could watch a real situation remotely, connected to the camera angle through turning his head. In 1965, a computer scientist Ivan Sutherland vis ualized what he named as Ultimate  Display. This Ultimate Display allowed the people to look into a virtual world that would come into view as a real world the user lived in. This idea directed almost all the developments within the areas of virtual reality (Strickland, 2012). In 1966, Sutherland built an HMD that was connected to a  computer  system. In this scenario, the computer was used to offer all the graphics for display. He used a deferment system to grip the HMD, as it was very heavy for a person to support comfortably. In addition, the HMD was able to show images in stereo, offering the delusion of depth, and it could as well follow the user’s head activities so that the field of sight would change suitably as the user looked about (Strickland, 2012). What is Virtual Realty Basically, the term Virtual Reality can be utilized in different scenarios with a lot of definitions. For instance, the majority of people consider VR as a specific set of tools and technol ogies such as a Glove Input Device, Head Mounted Display and Audio. Additionally, a lot of people use this phrase to add traditional books, pure fantasy, movies and thoughts.

Military Sciences 4 Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Military Sciences 4 Questions - Essay Example On the other side, the interim government in Afghanistan was helpless because it was facing a number of internal and external problems like corruption, illegal trade of opium, underdeveloped economy and security breach. At the same time, Taliban was seeking cooperation with al-Qaida and to subdue the interim government in Afghanistan. In National Defense Strategy document, the defense secretary (2008) makes clear that â€Å"Violent extremist movements such as al-Qaeda and its associates comprise a complex and urgent challenge† (p.2). As the Middle East (say, especially Afghanistan) is considered as the core of international terrorist plots, the national interest of the United States is at risk in this area. To be specific, the 9/11 incident proves that al-Qaida in Afghanistan is behind the global spread of terrorism. So, the U.S. government must deal with the grass root level reason behind the global spread of terrorism. Almost all the world nations face the problem of terrori sm and religious fundamentalism. In addition, the problem of terrorism can be dealt with military involvement because other ways prove ineffective. Our military involvement supports the vital national interest because the ultimate aim of the US forces in Afghanistan is to interrupt and dismantle the international terrorist groups which operate from Afghanistan. ... So, one can easily identify that the situation in Afghanistan is worse and US security is at risk. Besides, military involvement in this area aims to keep pressure upon the terrorist groups like Taliban and al-Qaida. In short, military involvement in Afghanistan is unavoidable because it supports the vital national interest of the United States. 2. The Department of Defense (DoD)’s tendency to focus on conventional conflicts is based upon the Cold War strategy. One can easily identify that this strategy is not practical and is impossible to implement in irregular wars. For instance, the international terrorist groups make use of irregular warfare and conventional warfare based upon military power cannot withstand the same. So, the 2008 National Defense Strategy (NDS) is vital to counterbalance DoD’s tendency to focus on conventional conflicts. Within this context, NDS aims to implement a number of measures. One can see that the NDS provides ample importance to long-term effort by confronting the challenges faced by conventional warfare, which proved to be ineffective. From a different angle of view, NDS’s aim to adopt innovation into the context of contingency planning, development of different forces, and intelligence work are utmost important to amalgamate innovation into DoD. In National Defense Strategy document, the defense secretary (2008) makes clear that â€Å"We must tailor deterrence to fit particular actors, situations, and forms of warfare† (p.12). Besides, the NDS is aware of the importance of irregular warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan. For instance, irregular warfare tactics and partnership can be helpful to win wars in the Middle Eastern regions. One can see that NDS put forth innovative ideas to equip the security

Learning importance and a example of essay in learning Essay Example for Free

Learning importance and a example of essay in learning Essay Learning is a major part of life. People tend to learn in every steps of their life. Learning does not necessarily involve complex terms, it can also be primitive things that keeps happening in day to day life of an individual. Everybody has different interest, likewise they have a different pattern of learning things. Some people learn faster through visual medium, some through audio, and some just writing down the things depending upon what the subject matter is. I believe that learning process does not start when one settles in a formal environment but it start right from the birth of an individual. Walking, talking, decision making etc. are some examples including every other primary things are the result of learning. Every time anyone has to acquire a new skills, they need to be focused and scrutinize the subject matter thoroughly, that is how learning happens. Learning affects the confidence of a person as well. If someone learn things quickly than they have higher confidence in doing things and learning new things as well. After going through the video couple of times I realized that one who puts hard work and devotion in learning new things can automatically adapt into the ways the things are done and will become successful. I myself am very much interested in music and vaguely inspired by the beauty of it. I think music can be the most influential thing in an individual life. Music can make a person relax after a hard day at work, cure the illness, provides maximum level of comfort to an individual. Being so much influenced on music I have managed to learn a very few instruments and it always gives me pleasure and comfort when I am playing them. But I do not want to stop here. I want to learn more about music. I want to be able to read the music and understand every keys and notation in it. I want to be a musician like David Gilmour from the greatest band ever, â€Å"Pink Floyd,† who is able to play any string musical instrument that exists in planet today. I am currently doing my major in Business with Information Technology however in order to fulfill my ambition in music I have also planned to take music as my minor subject and later on carry it as my profession along with my  Business major degree. It is very much important to me because of my vague interest in it, but mostly it makes me very happy. Finally, I am profoundly inspired from the video that I just watched and it helped me to boost up my morale. I do have much respect for the people attempting to make things happen and these people are just one of those few who dare to take the challenges and do something that makes difference to others.

Susan B Anthony :: essays research papers

Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820 in Adams Massachusetts to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Susan was the second born of eight children in a strict Quaker family. Her father, Daniel Anthony, was a stern man, a Quaker abolitionist and cotton manufacturer. He believed in guiding his children, not directing them. He did not allow them to experience the childish amusements of toys, games, and music, which were seen as distractions from the Inner Light. Instead he enforced self-discipline. Susan learned to read and write at the age of three. In 1826, the Anthony’s moved from Massachusetts to Battensville, New York. Where Susan attended a district school, when the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, she was taken out of school and taught in home school set up by her father. A woman teacher, Mary Perkins, ran the school. Perkins offered a new image of womanhood to Susan and her sisters. She was independent, educated, and held a position that had been traditionally been reserved to young men. Susan was sent to a boarding school in Philadelphia. She taught at a female academy boarding school, in up state New York when she was fifteen years old intill she was thirty. After she settled in her family home in Rochester, New York. It was here that she began her first public crusade on behalf of temperance. This was one of the first expressions of feminism in the United States, and it delt with the abuses of woman and children who suffered from alcoholic husbands. In 1849, Susan gave her first public speech for the Daughters of Temperance, and then help found the Woman’s State Temperance Society of New York. It was one of the first organizations of its time. In 1851 she went to Syracus to attend a series of antislavery meetings. During this time Susan meet Cady Stanton. They became best friends. Susan joined Stanton and Amelia Bloomer in campaigns for women’s rights. She would often deliver speeches written by Stanton, who was occupied with her young children. In 1854, She devoted herself to the antislavery movement serving from 1856 to the outbreak of the civil war, 1861. Here, she served as an agent for the American Antislavery Society. After, She worked with Stanton and published the New York liberal weekly, â€Å"The Revolution† (1868-1870) which called for equal pay for women. In 1872, Susan demanded that women be given the same civil and political rights that had been extended to black men under the 14th and 15th amendments.

The AKA language was protected from outside influence Essay

The writer started his article by describing a group of people called Tuvans, who lives in a remote area in the Republic of Tuva, in Russian Federation. The importance of this group came from the fact that they are speaking Tuvan, a language consider by linguists to be among a group of languages that are considered to be on the edge of extinction because of the low numbers of people that speak it. The earth population speak approximately 7000 languages. Tuvan is among the 3500 small languages that are spoken only by 8. 25 million people in the entire world, which is a very low fraction of the seven billion people who inhabit the earth. On the other hand, seventy eight percent of the earth population are speaking only 85 languages, Mandarin, Spanish, and English are among the top spoken languages on the globe. Linguist predicted that in the next century almost half of the spoken languages may vanish, and at this point more than 1000 languages are considered on the extinction. The writer mentioned the reasons that lead to this languages dilemma. He mentioned the effect of the dominant languages, that controls communications and commerce, on the small one that do not have any defense mechanism, like television or currency, to protect its existence. Because of that the people of Tuva must speak Russian or Chinese if they want to stay in contact with the outside world. The writer then mentioned another endangered languages known as AKA, the native language of AKA people in Plaizi a small village in India. The writer describe its people as a very self-dependent people that produce everything they need in their daily life. The AKA language was protected from outside influence because of the location of the village that makes it very difficult for outsiders to reach it. The authors then described two trends in the field of linguistics. The first one is based on the theory of Noam Chomsky who mentioned that all languages came from one single origin which is fixed in the human genes. The second trend is the increase interest in small endangered languages around the world, and how the field linguists are interested in idiosyncrasies that distinguish each language from the others and the cultural effects on it. There are 85 percent of the needs to be documented in order to understand it, and the main reason for this documentation comes from the fact that each language contains unique human experiences that reveals many aspects of life . The writer declared very important point regarding the loss of any language. His main idea was based on the fact that every language contains a valuable information about the culture and the knowledge that accumulated from generation to generation in this culture. The author gave us another example of vanishing languages which is the Cmiique Itiom, a language used by the Seri in Mexico and how their language contains the knowledge that is important for all humans. Cmiique Itiom managed to preserved its original form without any outside interference . The Seri managed to keep their language untouched mainly because their hostility to the outsiders. Even the modern commodities likes cars the Seri managed to bring it to their culture but they used for it a unique names that merged from their own language so they never used there Spanish names. The writer mentioned a way to preserved the vanishing languages which is to: â€Å"†¦ enshrine it in writing and compile a dictionary. †. He gave an examples for linguists that worked in those kind of projects like David Harrison and Greg Anderson who compiled the first Tuvan- English dictionary. Also, Steve and Cathay Marlett who worked to finish Cmiique Itiom dictionary, but the writer mentioned very important point which is stated in page 86 : â€Å"But saving a language is not something linguists can accomplish, because salvation must come from within. †. The salvation must come from the people who are using this language by teaching it to the next generation, and also by using dictionaries and books to preserve it and keeping it active as long there is something to speak about it. Writer Choices The writer starts his article by using a story as a hook for the readers, to grab their attention for the rest of the article, and he kept telling the readers different stories about the people he met during his travel. The writer also used creative language ,like figurative language which includes metaphor in many places in the article, and he also used compare and contrast in many other places . Numbers was used by the writers to support his main idea, he mentioned a specific numbers related to the languages in the first page. Visuals aid had been used by the writer to illustrate the subject of his article in a very professional way, yet it was very simple and effective, we can see that from the beautiful pictures for all the people that he met during his trip. Reflection on the Reading Process I found the article hard to read at the beginning, but after using SQ4R and reading the article in class for many times it became much easier for me to understand, and this make the whole process of reading very interesting. The language used not always clear, with difficult word as shown below: Nomadic: roaming about from place to place aimlessly, frequently, or without a fixed pattern of movement. Proselytize: to try to persuade people to join a religion, cause, or group. Dwindle: to gradually become smaller. Thatch: to make (a roof) with dried plant material (called thatch). Supplant: to supersede (another) especially by force or treachery. Atelier: a room where an artist works. Propitious: likely to have or produce good results. Reading process included: Skimming and Skamming ,summarize the article and annotate the key points in it, and SQ4R. Reaction Languages is the soul of human civilizations. The connection between the two of them is very similar to the relationship between human soul and body because without the sole the body will surely collapse because humans need their soul to drive the physical body and to keep him from perishing. In contrast, language plays the same role in people collective awareness about their on existence in the society and culture. Language is the invisible glue that hold the culture pieces together, and without this glue everything will collapse. It’s the strong foundation that up hold the society structures and grant it the strength to resist any outside threats. Why the language is so important? Because it’s the memory of the society. This memory is the experiences and knowledge that transferred from generation to generation until it reached this point in time, and no it will very hard to live without our memories. Losing any language would be similar to someone who lost his own memory. The only thing he can do is to embrace a new experiences and knowledge, and to start accumulating new memories about his new life. Unfortunately, it is the same thing for languages, when the people abandon their own language in favor for new ones they will lose their cultural experiences and knowledge. They will eventually lose their own identity that distinguished them from the rest of humans. Finally, losing any language on earth would be a lost for humanity in general because we will lose our diversity that make life on earth interesting . I think life with one color would be very tedious, and for life to be interesting it should contain whole spectrum of color. Spinoff Topics One of the spinoff topics would be a to study the individuals that abandon their own language and how they adopt with their new languages and cultures.

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain juxtaposes Huck’s adventurous and liberating journey along with Jim on the raft down the river Mississippi with the corrupt life that allows unconscious acceptance to the values of society on the shore. The novel unfolds Huck’s inner mind and records his learning and moral development as he encounters morally corrupt and crooked people on his journey to freedom. The novel contrasts between the constricting life on the shore and the freedom offered by the journey on the river.   Though Huck’s raft follows the river towards its downward journey, he goes against the stream in his life learning on his own the hard realities of life. Huck finds the two wealthy sisters Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who adopt him, as the true representatives of the society that is based on hypocritical religious and ethical values. Though Widow Douglas is more patient and gentle towards Huck, he finds her care and concern quite restrictive. When she puts him in new clothes he could do nothing but feel cramped sweating a lot. He does not find any meaning in prayer before the dinner and in the stories of Moses and the Bulrushers who were dead long time ago. Though the life in the care of Widow Douglas is decent and dignified, cozy and comfortable, Huck does not like it much. He feels his old ways of living are the best. Living in a house and sleeping in a bed pulled on me pretty tight mostly, but before the cold weather I used to slide out and sleep in the woods sometimes, and so that was a rest to me. I liked the old ways Best. (Twain 13) He finds Miss Watson’s attempts to ‘sivilize’ him most annoying. For him, she is the best example of severe and unforgiving laws of Christian life which are against his individual freedom. He feels â€Å"Miss Watson she kept pecking at me, and it got tiresome and lonesome†.   He is so vexed with the ways of living under the care of Miss Watson that he feels one night quite depressed and feels â€Å"I felt so lonesome I most wished I was dead.†   (Twain 5) When Miss Watson insists that he should pray he can not find any reason to pray when his prayers are not answered by God. When he asks her to try for him she calls him a fool. Huck tries several times in his own way asking God for the things he wanted, but he could not find any response from God. He finds it quite impractical. He does not find any advantage for him in praying for others as told by Widow. He finds a lot of difference between Widow and Miss Watson who both pray and teach the same things to him about Providence. The following lines best illustrate his understanding of his two guardians who differ a lot in their attitude. I judged I could see that there was two Providences, and a poor chap would stand considerable show with the widow’s Providence, but if Miss Watson’s got him there warn’t no help for him any more. (Twain 11) Huck’s father, Pap, an incorrigible wreck with his disgusting and ghostlike appearance in tattered clothes, represents the generally debased white society and the failed family. Pap, who is always after the money earned by Huck, feels jealous of his son’s education when his son is living with Widow Douglas and going to school. He not only kidnaps his son but also virtually imprisons him in a cabin in the woods and beats him completely drunk. In fact, he proves dangerous and provides the immediate and most potent cause for Huck’s escape from the society on the shore. On the contrary, he finds a trusting and caring surrogate father in Jim who accompanies him in his escape from the shore. Jim, a runaway slave from the house of Miss Watson, stands for strong family relationship, nobility and loyalty. He takes the extreme step of running away from Miss Watson’s house as he suspects he would be sold for another master which will eventually separate him from his family. Though he seems superstitious and ignorant, he is an intelligent man with a deep understanding of human life. Jim he was right; he was most always right; he had an uncommon level head for a nigger. (Twain 55). There is a strong bond of friendship and understanding between Huck and Jim on the raft. Both are desperately in need of protecting themselves from the selfish people in the society. The raft on the river Mississippi provides them an opportunity to save their lives. It offers them the much needed freedom. The following passage aptly conveys their dire need to run away from society. I was powerful glad to get away from the feuds, and so was Jim to get away from the swamp. We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. (Twain 83) The life on the raft is different in many ways from the life that is found on the shore. The raft provides them not only as escape from the corrupt and selfish people, but also an opportunity to be what they are and to do what they like. It gives them a unique opportunity to explore their true identity and their stand in relation to many things in life. They are closest to their true nature on the raft in the lovely and mighty presence of the river and the woods. It offers them unrestricted and uninhibited freedom. Huck feels happy and liberated on the raft and expresses the same in the following words: It’s lovely to live on a raft. We had the sky up there, all speckled with stars, and we used to lay on our backs and look up at them, and discuss about whether they was made or only just happened. (Twain 84) Twain has brilliantly contrasted the plight of a white boy with that of a slave Jim. The story of the novel revolves around these two characters that are almost in the same boat with similar problems. As luck would have it, they share the same raft in their escape for freedom. Huck finds Jim’s presence on the raft comforting and supportive as Jim is practical, intelligent and trustworthy though, at times, he seems sentimental. Jim not only cooks food for Huck but also protects him from dangers. Jim’s acts of selflessness and his longing to meet his family have left an indelible impression on Huck. Huck is very determined till the end to save Jim and to get him free. However, the life on the raft is not without its share of dangers and threats. Huck and Jim get separated when their raft is hit by a steamer in the river. Huck’s encounter with the family of Grangerfords exposes him to pretentious importance that people attach to their family’s honor or prestige. Huck suspects behind the kindhearted and gentle people in the family, there is an unreasonable feud between them and the Shepherdsons. It makes no sense to Huck. Many of the people belonging to these families die in a bitter gun fight from which Huck luckily escapes. After facing many challenging situations Huck and Jim once again continue their journey on the raft further towards the south. The two con artists who ask for help and seek refuge on the raft prove dangerous to Huck in the end. The two con artists involve in various crimes at times claiming to be the descendants of royal family and sometimes, pretending to be great actors and evangelists. They once again remind the crookedness of the people in the society on the shore. The raft has proved an excellent place to enjoy the perfect freedom and bliss without any interference. Though Jim is there with him all the time, he is silent and provided a good company with his accommodating nature. Huck enjoys Jim’s company and the journey most. He expresses his happiness saying, It was kind of solemn, drifting down the big, still river, laying on our backs looking up at the stars, and we didn’t ever feel like talking loud, and it warn’t often that we laughed — only a little kind of a low chuckle. (Twain 47) The long journey on the raft has provided Huck with many opportunities to learn new things and develop his own logic. Every challenge he faces presents him with an opportunity to think about it deeply and to come to a conclusion which he feels right. His association with Jim on the raft has given him opportunity to think clearly and form his own opinion without any interference. He prefers to follow his own instinct and logic than to accept the unquestioned conventions of the society.   Huck’s determination to save Jim when he is caught demonstrates his maturity and broadness of understanding. Huck has to undergo an internal struggle to overcome some of the notions that have been ingrained in him by the society. Every time Huck faces a problem he applies his mind and comes out with a decision what he feels right, though it might look wrong and offending to the white community. He takes help from Tom Sawyer in rescuing Jim finally. Huck loses his faith in the society that has failed to protect him. Though the Widow tried her best to give him what he has missed, it has proved imperfect to mould him. His growing distance from the society makes him skeptical about it. His natural intelligence and his ability to think through a situation have enabled him to form his own right conclusions. Thus, he creates his own rules and develops his character throughout the journey. Twain depicts the society around Huck with people who are degraded in their values. The actions of these people defy logic and commonsense. For example, when the judge allows Pap, the wreck and disgusting drunkard, to keep custody of Huck, he gives more importance to the right of ownership than to the welfare of the innocent boy. It clearly depicts the social system that has fallen in its moral standing. It highlights the white man’s rights over his property whether it is a slave or a son. The Mississippi River plays the most important role in the novel providing freedom and refreshing experience to Huck and Jim who are in their quest for freedom. They travel from their home town St. Petersburg, Missouri, north of St. Louis, hundreds of miles into the Deep South.   The odyssey down the river lends the story a mystic element offering contentment to the people who come in search of freedom. The river with its power and grandeur sets a meaningful background to the story that contrasts life on the river with the life on the shore. The river plays the role of liberating influence on the two characters Huck and Jim. It is the only place where they can feel at home though they are on a raft. Huck arrives at the conclusion that the idyllic life, peace and brotherhood of himself and Jim have given him more satisfaction and a sense of freedom and understanding as opposed to the inhumanity, the feud and the degenerated values of society. Thus, it is a journey in search of understanding and freedom leaving behind the so called ‘sivilization’ that destroys innocence and enslaves human beings. In short, Huck’s journey is from unthinking acceptance of received values and knowledge to an independently achieved understanding of what is right. It is journey from boyhood to manhood, from servitude to freedom. T. S. Eliot, the great English poet and critic of the twentieth century who also grew up on the banks of the same river says, â€Å"the river makes the book a great book† It has fired the imagination of the boy Huck and became the only real home for him. Reference Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn < http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/twain/huckfinn.pdf   >